Employee ownership tax credit - definitions - legislative declaration - repeal

# (1)

Legislative declaration.

# (a)

The general assembly hereby finds and declares that: (I) The purpose of this section is to provide an incentive for businesses to establish employee stock ownership plans or employee ownership trusts or to convert to a worker-owned cooperative, and to provide an incentive to entities that support businesses in such establishment or conversion; (II) An employee stock ownership plan allows companies to share ownership with employees without requiring employees to invest their own money; (III) This section encourages business owners to sell their businesses to the very employees that contributed to their success; and (IV) This section will help to ensure that local businesses are not sold to out-of-state buyers, which is often detrimental to the fabric of local communities.

# (b)

It is the general assembly's intent that the Colorado office of economic development provide relevant and ascertainable metrics and collect any necessary data to allow the state auditor to measure the effectiveness of the tax credit in this section in achieving the purpose set forth in subsection (1)(a) of this section.

# (2)

Definitions. As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:

# (a)

(I) Alternate equity structure means a mechanism under which an employer grants to employees a form of employee ownership, including but not limited to an employee stock purchase plan, LLC membership, phantom stock, profit interest, restricted stock, stock appreciation right, stock option, or synthetic equity. An alternate equity structure must at a minimum:

(A) Grant rights to or be offered to at least twenty percent of an employer's eligible workers, or grant rights to or be offered to at least twenty percent of eligible workers of an employer that is owned by or operated for the benefit of eligible workers in a broad-based employee ownership transition. For purposes of this subsection (2)(a)(I), eligible workers means all full-time employees, regular employees, non-seasonal employees, non-managerial employees, and contract labor.

(B) Have the participation of at least twenty percent of an employer's eligible workers;

(C) Allocate at least twenty percent of the fully diluted securities or rights to a synthetic interest in securities to participating eligible workers, or allocate twenty percent of net profit from operations to participating eligible workers; and (D) Grant to participating eligible workers informational rights, decision-making rights, and non-financial rights that are equal to or greater than the rights that are granted to holders of the employer's common stock or holders of the employer's residual membership interest. (II) The office shall develop guidelines that clarify the types of employee ownership grants that qualify as an alternate equity structure. The office may develop guidelines that adjust the percentages set forth in subsection (2)(a)(I) of this section; except that the percentages shall not be adjusted to an amount less than twenty percent. The office may periodically update any guidelines issued pursuant to this subsection (2)(a)(II).

# (b)

Colorado office of economic development or office means the Colorado office of economic development created in section 24-48.5-101.

# (c)

Conversion costs means professional services, including accounting, legal, and business advisory services, as detailed in the guidelines issued by the office, for the transition of a business to employee ownership trust, an employee stock ownership plan, or a worker-owned cooperative. Conversion costs include costs to audit the cost certification as required in subsection (7)(b) of this section. (c.5) Corporate headquarters means the sole location within a regional or national area where the majority of the taxpayer's or qualified support entity's staff members or employees are domiciled and employed and where the majority of the taxpayer's or qualified support entity's financial, personnel, legal, planning, or other business functions are conducted on a regional or national basis.

# (d)

Department means the Colorado department of revenue.

# (e)

Employee ownership trust means an indirect form of employee ownership in which a trust holds at least twenty percent of the fully diluted securities in a qualified business and benefits all employees on an equal basis.

# (f)

Employee stock ownership plan has the same meaning as set forth in section 4975 (e)(7) of the internal revenue code, as amended.

# (g)

Expansion costs means professional services, including accounting, legal, and business advisory services, as detailed in the guidelines issued by the office, for the expansion of a qualified employee-owned business's employee ownership trust, employee stock ownership plan, worker-owned cooperative, or alternate equity structure. Expansion costs include costs to audit the cost certification as required in subsection (7)(b) of this section.

# (h)

Owner means the owner of a qualified business before a conversion occurs.

# (i)

Qualified business means a taxpayer subject to tax under this article 22, including but not limited to a C corporation, S corporation, limited liability company, partnership, limited liability partnership, a sole proprietorship, or other similar pass-through entity, that is not owned in whole or in part by an employee ownership trust, that does not have an employee stock ownership plan, that is not, in whole or in part, a worker-owned cooperative, or does not have an alternate equity structure, and that is approved by the office for the tax incentives in this section.

# (j)

Qualified employee-owned business means a taxpayer that is subject to tax under this article 22, including but not limited to a C corporation, S corporation, limited liability company, partnership, limited liability partnership, sole proprietorship, or other similar pass-through entity, that: (I) Repealed. (II) Has its corporate headquarters located in this state; (III)

(A) Is owned in whole or in part by an employee ownership trust;

(B) Has an employee stock ownership plan;

(C) Is in whole or in part a worker-owned cooperative; or (D) Has an alternate equity structure; and (IV) Is approved by the office for the tax incentives in this section. (j.5) Qualified support entity means an organization exempt from taxation under section 501 (c)(3) of the internal revenue code or a taxpayer subject to tax under this article 22, including a C corporation, S corporation, limited liability company, partnership, limited liability partnership, sole proprietorship, or other similar pass-through entity that: (I) Has been in existence for not less than twelve months prior to January 1 of the income tax year for which the qualified support entity claims the credit; (II) Either has provided services that have supported at least one successful conversion to or expansion of a qualified employee-owned business in the income tax year or has provided services that have supported at least three either qualified businesses that have the intent of converting to qualified employee-owned businesses or qualified employee-owned businesses that have the intent of expanding; (III) Has its corporate headquarters located in this state; and (IV) Is approved by the office for the tax incentives in this section.

# (k)

Securities has the same meaning as the term security set forth in 15 U.S.C. sec. 77b (a)(1). (k.5) (I) Support costs means, subject to guidelines developed by the office pursuant to subsection (5)(a) of this section, costs that are or are related to: (A) Staff salaries and benefits for staff involved in business development, marketing, and outreach; (B) Marketing and outreach for producing educational materials or hosting workshops or conferences on converting a business to employee-ownership and similar costs; and (C) A proportional amount of basic organizational overhead costs including general or administrative costs, expenses, rent, and facilities costs. (II) Support costs does not include any costs that are conversion or expansion costs.

# (l)

Worker-owned cooperative has the same meaning as set forth in section 1042 (c)(2) of the internal revenue code, as amended.

# (3)

# (a)

Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3)(a.3) of this section and subject to certification by the office pursuant to this section, for income tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2022, but before January 1, 2032, a qualified business is allowed a credit with respect to the income taxes imposed pursuant to this article 22 as follows: (I) Up to fifty percent of the conversion costs, not to exceed forty thousand dollars, incurred by a qualified business for converting the qualified business to a worker-owned cooperative or an employee ownership trust; (II) Up to fifty percent of the conversion costs, not to exceed one hundred fifty thousand dollars, incurred by a qualified business for converting the qualified business to an employee stock ownership plan; or (III) Up to fifty percent of the conversion costs, not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars, incurred by a qualified business for converting the qualified business to an alternate equity structure. (a.3) For income tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2026, but before January 1, 2032, the allowable percentage of conversion costs incurred by a qualified business for the applicable conversion of the qualified business set forth in subsections (3)(a)(I), (3)(a)(II), and (3)(a)(III) of this section for purposes of calculating the credit is up to seventy-five percent of the conversion costs. (a.5) (I) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (3)(a.5)(III) of this section and subject to certification by the office pursuant to this section, for income tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2024, but before January 1, 2032, a qualified employee-owned business is allowed a credit with respect to the income taxes imposed pursuant to this article 22 of up to fifty percent of the expansion costs, not to exceed twenty-five thousand dollars, incurred to expand a qualified employee-owned business's employee ownership trust, employee stock ownership plan, worker-owned cooperative, or alternate equity structure. (II) To be eligible for the credit allowed pursuant to this subsection (3), a qualified employee-owned business must expand its employee ownership trust, employee stock ownership plan, worker-owned cooperative, or alternate equity structure by an increment of at least twenty percent of the total ownership of the entire qualified employee-owned business. (III) For income tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2026, but before January 1, 2032, the allowable percentage of expansion costs incurred by a qualified employee-owned business to expand a qualified employee-owned business as set forth in subsection (3)(a.5)(I) of this section for purposes of calculating the credit is up to seventy-five percent of the expansion costs. (a.7) Subject to certification by the office pursuant to this section, for income tax years commencing on or after January 1, 2027, but prior to January 1, 2032, a qualified support entity is allowed a credit with respect to the income taxes imposed pursuant to this article 22 of up to seventy-five percent of the support costs, but not to exceed one hundred sixty-seven thousand dollars, incurred in providing services that support the conversion of qualified businesses to qualified employee-owned businesses or the expansion of qualified employee-owned businesses.

# (b)

(I) In the case of a qualified business or qualified employee-owned business that is a C corporation, the credit is allowed to the qualified business or the qualified employee-owned business. (II) In the case of a qualified business or qualified employee-owned business that is a partnership or an S corporation, the credit is allowed to the owner of the business. (III) In the case of a qualified support entity, the credit is allowed to the qualified support entity.

# (c)

The maximum amount of all tax credit certificates that the office may reserve under subsection (6)(a) of this section is: (I) Ten million dollars for any income tax year commencing on or after January 1, 2022, but before January 1, 2026; and (II) Two million dollars for any income tax year commencing on or after January 1, 2026, but before January 1, 2032.

# (d)

(I) A qualified business or qualified employee-owned business may apply for and claim only one tax credit for the conversion or expansion costs incurred per tax year. (II) A qualified support entity may apply for and claim only one tax credit per tax year.

# (4)

# (a)

A business or, where applicable, a nonprofit organization shall submit an application to the office for the issuance of a credit certificate for the credit allowed in this section by the deadlines established in the office's guidelines. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (4)(b) of this section, the application must include information, as set forth in the office's guidelines, regarding the type of conversion or expansion the business intends to undertake, a list of the expected conversion or expansion costs, and an estimated amount, as calculated by the business, of the expected conversion or expansion costs.

# (b)

An application for a business or a nonprofit organization submitting the application to be approved as a qualified support entity must include information, as set forth in the office's guidelines, regarding the support services the business or the nonprofit organization provides to qualified businesses or qualified employee-owned businesses, whether the business or the nonprofit organization supported a successful conversion of a qualified business to a qualified employee-owned business or expansion of a qualified employee-owned business in the taxable year, if the business or the nonprofit organization has not supported a successful conversion or expansion, the number of qualified businesses or qualified employee-owned businesses the business or the nonprofit organization is supporting that intend to convert or expand, as applicable, and the status of the anticipated conversions or expansions, and information regarding support costs incurred in the income tax year.

# (5)

# (a)

The office shall develop guidelines for the administration of this section, including, but not limited to: (I) Application requirements, including a list of the data the office needs to meet the requirements in subsections (11) and (12) of this section; (II) Guidelines regarding the issuing of credit certificates; (III) Detailed guidelines regarding conversion costs; (IV) Guidelines and standards for certifying a business as a qualified business; (V) Detailed guidelines regarding expansion costs; (VI) Guidelines and standards for certifying a business as a qualified employee-owned business; and (VII) Guidelines and standards for certifying a business or a nonprofit organization as a qualified support entity.

# (b)

Before the office begins to provide reservations of tax credits under subsection (6) of this section, the office shall provide the finance committees of the house of representatives and the senate, or any successor committees, with a written report setting forth the clear, relevant, and ascertainable metrics and data requirements that the office will track under subsection (12) of this section in order to allow the general assembly and the state auditor to measure the effectiveness of the tax expenditure allowed in this section in achieving the purpose set forth in subsection (1)(a) of this section.

# (6)

# (a)

(I) After the office provides the written report required in subsection (5)(b) of this section, a reservation of tax credits is permitted for the tax credit allowed in this section. If the office determines that the application filed under subsection (4) of this section is complete, the office shall determine whether the business or, if applicable, the nonprofit organization is a qualified business, a qualified employee-owned business, or a qualified support entity, review the list of the expected conversion or expansion costs, and review the estimated conversion, expansion, or support costs as calculated by the business or, if applicable, the qualified support entity. If the office approves the business or, if applicable, the nonprofit organization as a qualified business, a qualified employee-owned business, or a qualified support entity, the list of expected conversion or expansion costs, and the estimated conversion, expansion, or support costs, the office may reserve for the benefit of the qualified business, the qualified employee-owned business, the owner of the business, or the qualified support entity an allocation of a tax credit subject to the limitation specified in subsection (3)(c) of this section. The office shall notify the qualified business, the qualified employee-owned business, or the qualified support entity in writing of the amount of the reservation. The reservation of a tax credit does not entitle the qualified business, the qualified employee-owned business, the owner of the business, or the qualified support entity to an issuance of a tax credit certificate until the qualified business, the qualified employee-owned business, or the qualified support entity complies with all of the other requirements specified in this section for the issuance of the tax credit certificate. (II) A business may apply for a staged conversion or staged expansion. If the office receives an application for a staged conversion or staged expansion, and the office determines the requirements set forth in subsection (6)(a)(I) of this section have been met, the office shall reserve tax credits for all stages of the qualified business's conversion or the qualified employee-owned business's expansion in the year the application is filed. The office may certify the staged conversion costs or staged expansion costs and issue tax credit certificates under subsection (7)(b)(II) of this section when the costs are incurred.

# (b)

(I) The office must reserve tax credits in the order in which it receives completed applications that comply with the requirements of this section and the guidelines developed by the office. The office shall provide written notice of any reservation of tax credits authorized by this subsection (6) or disapprove the application within a reasonable time, not to exceed ninety days after the filing of a completed application. (II) The office shall stamp each completed application with the date and time the application was received and shall review the application on the basis of the order in which it was submitted by date and time. (III) Any application disapproved by the office will be removed from the review process, and the office shall notify the business in writing of the decision to remove its application from the review process. Disapproved applications lose their priority in the review process. A business may resubmit a disapproved application, but such resubmitted application is deemed to be a new submission for purposes of the priority procedures described in this subsection (6)(b).

# (c)

If, for any calendar year, the total amount of reservations for tax credits the office has approved is equal to the total amount of tax credits available for reservation during that calendar year, the office shall notify all businesses who have submitted applications then awaiting approval that no additional approvals of applications for reservations of tax credits will be granted during that calendar year. The office shall additionally notify each business of the priority number given to the business's application then awaiting approval. The applications will remain in priority status for two years from the date of the original application and will be considered for reservations of tax credits in the priority order established in this subsection (6) in the event that additional credits become available resulting from the rescission of approvals under subsection (7)(a) of this section or because a new allocation of tax credits for a calendar year becomes available.

# (7)

# (a)

Any qualified business or qualified employee-owned business with respect to which the office has made a reservation of tax credits under subsection (6) of this section shall incur not less than twenty percent of the estimated conversion or expansion costs not later than eighteen months after the date of the written notice from the office to the qualified business or qualified employee-owned business granting the reservation of tax credits. The qualified business or qualified employee-owned business shall submit evidence of compliance with the provisions of this subsection (7)(a). If the office determines that a qualified business or qualified employee-owned business has failed to comply with the requirements of this subsection (7)(a), the office may rescind the written notice it previously gave the business or the owner approving the reservation of tax credits and, if so, the total amount of tax credits made available for the calendar year for which reservations may be granted must be increased by the amount of the tax credits rescinded. The office shall promptly notify any qualified business, any qualified employee-owned business, or the owner of the business whose reservation of tax credits has been rescinded and, upon receipt of the notice, the qualified business or qualified employee-owned business may submit a new application.

# (b)

(I) Following the completion of the conversion or expansion, the qualified business or the qualified employee-owned business shall notify the office that the conversion or expansion has been completed and shall provide the office with a cost certification of the estimated conversion or expansion costs. The cost certification must be audited by a licensed certified public accountant that is not affiliated with the qualified business or the qualified employee-owned business. The office shall review the cost certification, and within ninety days after receipt of the cost certification, the office shall certify the conversion or expansion costs and issue a tax credit certificate in the amounts allowed in subsection (3) of this section. The office shall promptly notify the qualified business or the qualified employee-owned business of any disallowed conversion or expansion costs. (II) If a conversion or expansion is a staged conversion or staged expansion as set forth in subsection (6)(a)(II) of this section, and the qualified business or the qualified employee-owned business meets the requirements in this subsection (7), the office shall issue pro rata tax credit certificates to the qualified business, qualified employee-owned business, or owner of the business based on the percent of the conversion or expansion completed during each tax year.

# (c)

Notwithstanding subsection (7)(b) of this section, the total amount of the tax credit certificate issued to a qualified business, a qualified employee-owned business, or the owner of the business shall not exceed the amount of the tax credit reservation under subsection (6)(a) of this section.

# (d)

If the amount of certified costs incurred by the qualified business or the qualified employee-owned business would result in the qualified business, qualified employee-owned business, or owner of the business being issued an amount of tax credits that exceeds the amount of tax credits reserved for the business under subsection (6)(a) of this section, the qualified business or the qualified employee-owned business may apply to the office for the issuance of an amount of tax credits that equals the excess. The qualified business or the qualified employee-owned business must submit its application for issuance of such excess tax credits on a form prescribed by the office. Unless the office is concerned that the application it received under this subsection (7)(d) is fraudulent, the office shall automatically approve the application, which it shall issue by means of a separate certificate, subject only to the availability of tax credits and the provisions concerning priority provided in subsection (6)(a) of this section.

# (8)

If the credit allowed under this section exceeds the income taxes due on the income of the qualified business, qualified employee-owned business, owner of the business, or qualified support entity, the amount of the credit not used to offset income taxes must be refunded to the qualified business, qualified employee-owned business, owner of the business, or qualified support entity.

# (9)

Any tax credits issued under this section to a partnership or an S corporation must be passed through to the partners, members, or owners, including any nonprofit entity that is a partner, member, or owner, respectively, on a pro rata basis according to their ownership percentage.

# (10)

# (a)

To claim the income tax credit allowed in this section, the qualified business, qualified employee-owned business, owner of the business, or qualified support entity shall attach a copy of the credit certificate to its state income tax return. No tax credit is allowed under this section unless the qualified business, qualified employee-owned business, owner of the business, or qualified support entity provides the copy of the credit certificate with its filed state income tax return. The amount of the credit that the qualified business, the qualified employee-owned business, or the qualified support entity may claim under this section is the amount stated on the tax credit certificate.

# (b)

A qualified support entity that is an organization exempt from taxation under section 501 (c)(3) of the internal revenue code and that claims the credit allowed by this section shall file a return pursuant to section 39-22-601 (7)(b) and attach a copy of the credit certificate in accordance with subsection (10)(a) of this section.

# (11)

The office shall, in a sufficiently timely manner to allow the department to process returns claiming the income tax credit allowed in this section, provide the department with an electronic report of each qualified business, qualified employee-owned business, owner of a business, and qualified support entity that the office approved for the income tax credit allowed in this section for the preceding calendar year that includes the following information: (a) The taxpayer's name; and (b) The taxpayer's social security number or the taxpayer's Colorado account number and federal employer identification number.

# (12)

The office shall maintain a database of any information necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the tax credit allowed in this section in meeting the purposes set forth in subsection (1)(a) of this section, and shall provide such information, and any other information that may be needed, to the state auditor as part of the state auditor's evaluation of tax expenditures under section 39-21-305.

# (13)

The office shall conduct statewide outreach efforts, within existing resources, to minority owned businesses, as defined in section 24-48.5-127 (2)(g), about the availability of the tax credit allowed in this section.

# (14)

This section is repealed, effective December 31, 2037. Source: L. 2021: Entire section added, (HB 21-1311), ch. 298, p. 1780, § 9, effective June 23. L. 2023: (2), (3)(a), (3)(b), (4), (5)(a)(III), (6)(a), (7), (8), (10), and IP(11) amended and (3)(a.5), (3)(d), (5)(a)(V), and (5)(a)(VI) added, (HB 23-1081), ch. 244, p. 1309, § 1, effective August 7. L. 2025: (1)(a)(I), (1)(a)(III), (2)(a)(II), (2)(e), (2)(j)(II), (2)(j)(III), IP(3)(a), (3)(a.5)(I), (3)(c), (3)(d), (4), (5)(a)(V), (5)(a)(VI), (6)(a)(I), (8), (10), IP(11), and (14) amended, (2)(c.5), (2)(j.5), (2)(k.5), (3)(a.3), (3)(a.5)(III), (3)(a.7), (3)(b)(III), (5)(a)(VII) added, and (2)(j)(I) repealed, (HB 25-1021), ch. 311, p. 1621, § 3, effective August 6. Cross references: For the legislative declaration in HB 21-1311, see section 1 of chapter 298, Session Laws of Colorado 2021.